What European Nation Came To Control India In The 1800s?

Period of Indian history characterized by European colonial dominion

Colonial Republic of india was the office of the Indian subcontinent that was under the jurisdiction of European colonial powers during the Historic period of Discovery. European power was exerted both by conquest and trade, especially in spices.^{[1] [2]} The search for the wealth and prosperity of India led to the colonisation of the Americas afterwards Christopher Columbus went to the Americas in 1492. But a few years later, near the finish of the 15th century, Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama became the first European to re-found direct trade links with Bharat since Roman times past being the start to get in by circumnavigating Africa (c. 1497–1499). Having arrived in Calicut, which past then was 1 of the major trading ports of the eastern world,^[3] he obtained permission to trade in the metropolis from the Saamoothiri Rajah. The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their chief base in Ceylon. Their expansion into Republic of india was halted later on their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore–Dutch State of war.

Trading rivalries among the seafaring European powers brought other European powers to India. The Dutch Republic, England, France, and Denmark–Norway all established trading posts in Republic of india in the early 17th century. As the Mughal Empire disintegrated in the early 18th century, and so as the Maratha Empire became weakened after the tertiary boxing of Panipat, many relatively weak and unstable Indian states which emerged were increasingly open to manipulation past the Europeans, through dependent Indian rulers.

In the after 18th century, Great Britain and France struggled for potency, partly through proxy Indian rulers just likewise past straight military intervention. The defeat of the formidable Indian ruler Tipu Sultan in 1799 marginalised the French influence. This was followed by a rapid expansion of British ability through the greater part of the Indian subcontinent in the early 19th century. By the middle of the century, the British had already gained straight or indirect command over almost all of India. British India, consisting of the straight-ruled British presidencies and provinces, contained the nearly populous and valuable parts of the British Empire and thus became known as "the gem in the British crown".

India, during its colonial era, was a founding fellow member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summertime Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.^[4] In 1947, India gained its independence and was partitioned into the Dominion of India and the Rule of Pakistan, the latter of which was created as a homeland for colonial India's Muslims.^{[v] [6] [7]}

Portuguese [edit]

Long after the decline of the Roman Empire's sea-borne merchandise with India, the Portuguese were the next Europeans to sail there for the purpose of trade, first arriving past ship in May 1498. The closing of the traditional trade routes in western Asia past the Ottoman Empire, and rivalry with the Italian states sent Portugal in search of an alternate sea route to Republic of india. The starting time successful voyage to India was by Vasco da Gama in 1498, when later on sailing around the Cape of Good Hope he arrived in Calicut, now in Kerala. Having arrived at that place, he obtained from Saamoothiri Rajah permission to trade in the city. The navigator was received with traditional hospitality, but an interview with the Saamoothiri (Zamorin) failed to produce whatever definitive results. Vasco da Gama requested permission to exit a gene behind in charge of the merchandise he could not sell; his asking was refused, and the king insisted that Gama should pay customs duty like any other trader, which strained their relations. The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur, who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut, sided with the Portuguese, confronting his overlord at Kozhikode.^[8] As a consequence, the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunadu) became 1 of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin.^[8] Many of the members of the royal family unit of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from Vettom.^[8] Notwithstanding, the Tanur forces under the rex fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Boxing of Cochin (1504).^[9] Yet, the fidelity of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region notwithstanding stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut.^[10] The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry betwixt the Zamorin and the Raja of Kochi allied with Kochi. When Francisco de Almeida was appointed equally Viceroy of Portuguese Republic of india in 1505, his headquarters was established at Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) rather than in Kozhikode. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses on the Malabar Coast.^[11] The Portuguese suffered setbacks from attacks by Zamorin forces in Due south Malabar; specially from naval attacks under the leadership of Kozhikode admirals known equally Kunjali Marakkars, which compelled them to seek a treaty. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the get-go naval defence of the Indian declension.^[12] Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II (born around 1532) of Ponnani in 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite.^{[thirteen] [14] [15]} It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put upwardly by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonise Malabar coast.^{[15] [xiii]} In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the boxing at Chaliyam Fort.^[16]

Though Portugal's presence in India initially started in 1498, their colonial rule lasted from 1505 until 1961.^[17] The Portuguese Empire established the commencement European trading eye at Quilon (Kollam) in 1502. It is believed that the colonial era in India started with the establishment of this Portuguese trading middle at Quilon.^[xviii] In 1505, Male monarch Manuel I of Portugal appointed Dom Francisco de Almeida as the first Portuguese viceroy in Bharat, followed in 1509 past Dom Afonso de Albuquerque. In 1510, Albuquerque conquered the urban center of Goa, which had been controlled by Muslims. He inaugurated the policy of marrying Portuguese soldiers and sailors with local Indian girls, the consequence of which was a great miscegenation in Goa and other Portuguese territories in Asia.^{[ citation needed ]} Some other feature of the Portuguese presence in Bharat was their volition to evangelise and promote Catholicism. In this, the Jesuits played a fundamental role, and to this mean solar day the Jesuit missionary Saint Francis Xavier is revered among the Catholics of India.^{[ commendation needed ]} Merely the evangelisation led to forced conversion of the locals by the Catholics, with which began the vicious Goa Inquisition.

Dutch [edit]

The Dutch Due east India Company established trading posts along dissimilar parts of the Indian declension. For some time, they controlled the Malabar southwest coast (Pallipuram, Cochin, Cochin de Baixo/Santa Cruz, Quilon (Coylan), Cannanore, Kundapura, Kayamkulam, Ponnani) and the Coromandel southeastern coast (Golkonda, Bhimunipatnam, Pulicat, Parangippettai, Negapatnam) and Surat (1616–1795). They conquered Ceylon from the Portuguese. The Dutch also established trading stations in Travancore and coastal Tamil Nadu likewise equally at Rajshahi in present-day Bangladesh, Hugli-Chinsura, and Murshidabad in present-day West Bengal, Balasore (Baleshwar or Bellasoor) in Odisha, and Ava, Arakan, and Syriam in present-day Myanmar (Burma). However, their expansion into India was halted, after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel past the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore-Dutch War. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to Bharat.^{[xix] [twenty]}

Ceylon was lost at the Congress of Vienna in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, where the Dutch having fallen subject to France, saw their colonies captured past Britain. The Dutch later became less involved in India, as they had the Dutch East Indies (at present Indonesia).

English and British Bharat [edit]

Rivalry with kingdom of the netherlands [edit]

At the cease of the 16th century, England and the United Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages: the English (later British) East India Visitor, and the Dutch East Republic of india Visitor, which were chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. These companies were intended to carry on the lucrative spice trade, and they focused their efforts on the areas of product, the Indonesian archipelago and especially the "Spice Islands", and on India as an important market for the merchandise. The close proximity of London and Amsterdam across the North Sea, and the intense rivalry betwixt England and kingdom of the netherlands, inevitably led to disharmonize between the two companies, with the Dutch gaining the upper hand in the Moluccas (previously a Portuguese stronghold) later the withdrawal of the English language in 1622, but with the English enjoying more than success in India, at Surat, after the institution of a factory in 1613.

Holland' more than advanced financial system^[21] and the three Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century left the Dutch as the ascendant naval and trading ability in Asia. Hostilities ceased later on the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when the Dutch prince William of Orangish ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the Netherlands and England. A deal between the two nations left the more than valuable spice merchandise of the Indonesian archipelago to the netherlands and the textiles manufacture of India to England, but textiles overtook spices in terms of profitability, so that by 1720, in terms of sales, the English company had overtaken the Dutch.^[21] The English Eastward Bharat Company shifted its focus from Surat—a hub of the spice trade network—to Fort St. George.

East India Company [edit]

In 1757 Mir Jafar, the commander in chief of the army of the Nawab of Bengal, along with Jagat Seth and some others secretly working with the British, asked for their support to overthrow the Nawab in return for merchandise grants. The British forces, whose sole duty until then was guarding Company property, were numerically inferior to the Bengali armed forces. At the Boxing of Plassey on 23 June 1757, fought between the British under the control of Robert Clive and the Nawab, Mir Jafar'southward forces betrayed the Nawab and helped defeat him. Jafar was installed on the throne as a British subservient ruler.^[22] The boxing transformed British perspective equally they realised their strength and potential to conquer smaller Indian kingdoms and marked the beginning of the imperial or colonial era in South asia.

British policy in Asia during the 19th century was chiefly concerned with expanding and protecting its hold on Republic of india, viewed as its most important colony and the key to the residual of Asia.^[25] The East India Visitor collection the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. The company's regular army had first joined forces with the Purple Navy during the Seven Years' War, and the two connected to cooperate in arenas outside India: against the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, the capture of Java from kingdom of the netherlands in 1811, the acquisition of Singapore in 1819 and Malacca in 1824, and the Get-go Anglo-Burmese State of war in 1826.^[26]

From its base of operations in Bharat, the Company was also engaged in an increasingly profitable opium trade to China, which had begun in the 1730s. This trade helped contrary the trade imbalances resulting from British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. The Chinese authorities banned the importation of opium, and in 1839, twenty,000 chests of opium were confiscated and destroyed in Canton by Lin Zexu. This led to the First Opium War, which was ended in the Treaty of Nanjing, re-legalizing the importation of opium into Prc.^[27]

The British had direct or indirect control over all of present-twenty-four hours Bharat before the middle of the 19th century. In 1857, a local rebellion by a group of sepoys escalated into the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which took six months to suppress with heavy loss of life on both sides; with British casualties numbering in the thousands and Indian casualties numbering in the hundred of thousands.^[29] The trigger for the rebellion has been a subject of dispute among historians. The rebellion, although short-lived, was triggered by attempts from the East India Company to expand its command in India. According to Olson, several reasons may have triggered the rebellion. For example, Olson concludes that the Eastward India Company'south attempt to addendum and aggrandize its direct command of India, by arbitrary laws such equally Doctrine of Lapse, combined with discrimination in employment confronting Indians, contributed to the 1857 Rebellion.^[30] The E India Company officers lived lavish lives, the company finances were in shambles, and the company'due south effectiveness in India was examined by the British crown after 1858. As a result, the East India Company lost its powers of government and British India formally came under direct Crown command, with an appointed Governor-General of India. The East India Company was dissolved the following year in 1858. A few years later on, Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India.^[31]

British Raj [edit]

Bharat suffered a series of crop failures in the late 19th century, leading to widespread famines that caused tens of millions of deaths in India.^[32] Responding to earlier famines every bit threats to the stability of their command, the Due east India Company had already begun to concern itself with famine prevention during the early colonial period.^[33] This greatly expanded during the Raj, in which commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the causes and implement new policies, which took until the early on 1900s to have an effect.^[34]

The slow but momentous reform movement adult gradually into the Indian independence movement. During the First World War, the hitherto bourgeois "dwelling-rule" movement was transformed into a popular mass motion past Mahatma Gandhi, a pacifist lawyer. Revolutionaries such as Bagha Jatin, Khudiram Bose, Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Surya Sen, Subhas Chandra Bose differed from Gandhi in their use of violence during their campaigns against British rule. The independence movement attained its objective with the independence of Pakistan and India on xiv and xv Baronial 1947 respectively.

Conservative elements in England considered the independence of Bharat to be the moment that the British Empire ceased to exist a world ability, following Curzon'due south dictum that, "[w]hile we agree on to Republic of india, we are a first-rate power. If we lose Republic of india, we will turn down to a third-rate ability."

French [edit]

Following the Portuguese, English language, and Dutch, the French also established trading bases in India. Their first establishment was in Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast in southeastern India in 1674. Subsequent French settlements were Chandernagore in Bengal, northeastern India in 1688, Yanam in Andhra Pradesh in 1723, Mahe in 1725, and Karaikal in 1739. The French were constantly in conflict with the Dutch and later mainly with the British in India. At the height of French power in the mid-18th century, the French occupied large areas of southern Republic of india and the surface area lying in today's northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Between 1744 and 1761, the British and the French repeatedly attacked and conquered each other'due south forts and towns in southeastern India and in Bengal in the northeast. After some initial French successes, the British decisively defeated the French in Bengal in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and in the southeast in 1761 in the Battle of Wandiwash, after which the British Eastward India Visitor was the supreme military and political power in southern India as well equally in Bengal. In the post-obit decades, information technology gradually increased the size of the territories nether its command. The enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Mahé, and Chandernagore were returned to France in 1816 and were integrated with the Republic of India in 1954.^{[ citation needed ]}

Dano-Norwegian [edit]

Denmark–Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, but the Danish presence in India was of niggling significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat.^[35] Denmark–Norway established trading outposts in Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu (1620), Serampore, Due west Bengal (1755), Calicut, Kerala (1752) and the Nicobar Islands (1750s). At once, the primary Danish and Swedish East asia companies together imported more tea to Europe than the British did. Their outposts lost economic and strategic importance, and Tranquebar, the last Dano-Norwegian outpost, was sold to the British on xvi Oct 1868.^{[ citation needed ]}

Other external powers [edit]

Republic of Ragusa [edit]

Croatian India - Location of São Braz in Goa

Ragusan trade with India consisted of the settlement and trading mail service of São Braz on the eastern tip of the Island of Goa. The colony was established by Croat merchants in 1530-35, shortly after the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510. It was economically successful for a while, mainly dealing in Indian spices and textiles. However, clashes with the Portuguese, unstable weather condition at abode and the 1667 Dubrovnik convulsion led to the decline of this try.^[36]

Sweden [edit]

The Swedish East Bharat Company, agile between 1731 and 1813, briefly possessed a mill in Parangipettai.^[37]

Austria [edit]

The Austrian colonisation of the Nicobar Islands (German language: Nikobaren, renamed to the Theresia Islands [Theresia-Inseln]) involved a series of 3 carve up attempts to colonize and settle the Nicobar Islands past the Habsburg monarchy, and later the Austrian Empire, between 1778 and 1886. During the catamenia of Austrian colonisation, the Nicobar Islands were previously colonized by the Danish in 1756, but were abandoned due to multiple outbreaks of malaria.^[38]

Prussia [edit]

Prussia founded two companies in 1750 and 1753.

Japanese occupation [edit]

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands were briefly occupied by the Japanese Empire during World War 2.^{[39] [40] [41]}

Wars [edit]

The wars that took place involving the British Due east Bharat Company or British India during the Colonial era:

• Anglo-Mysore Wars
• Anglo-Maratha Wars
• Get-go Anglo-Sikh State of war
• Second Anglo-Sikh War
• Anglo-Nepalese War
• Anglo-Burmese Wars
• Get-go Opium War
• India'due south First War of Independence (Rebellion of 1857)
• Second Opium War
• First Anglo-Afghan War
• Second Anglo-Afghan War
• Third Anglo-Afghan State of war
• Globe War I: see List of Indian divisions in World War I, Bombardment of Madras
• World War 2: come across Indian Army during World War II

Meet besides [edit]

• Ancient Republic of india
  • Greater India
  • Indosphere
  • Sanskritization
  • Spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia
  • Spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia
• Indian empires
  • Maurya Empire
  • Chola Empire
  • Mughal Empire
  • Maratha Empire
  • Sikh Empire
• British Raj
  • Economy of Bharat under the British Raj
  • Economy of India under Visitor rule
  • Political warfare in British colonial India
  • Opposition to the partition of India
• Listing of Indian Princely States
  • Arakkal Kingdom
  • Hyderabad Land
  • Kingdom of Mysore
  • Kingdom of Travancore
  • Rajput States
  • Kingdom of Calicut

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Corn, Charles (1998). The Scents of Eden: A Narrative of the Spice Merchandise . Kodansha. pp. xxi–xxii. ISBN978-i-56836-202-1. The ultimate goal of the Portuguese, every bit with the nations that followed them, was to reach the source of the fabled holy trinity of spices ... while seizing the vital centers of international trade routes, thus destroying the long-standing Muslim control of the spice trade. European colonisation of Asia was ancillary to this purpose.
2. ^ Donkin, Robin A. (2003). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Upward to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company. pp. xvii–xviii. ISBN978-0-87169-248-1. What drove men to such extraordinary feats ... gold and silver in easy abundance ... and, maybe more than especially, merchandise that was altogether unavailable in Europe—strange jewels, orient pearls, rich textiles, and beast and vegetable products of equatorial provenance ... The ultimate goal was to obtain supplies of spices at source and then to meet demand from any quarter.
3. ^ "The Country That Lost Its History". Time. 20 August 2001. Archived from the original on 13 September 2001.
4. ^ Mansergh, Nicholas (1974), Ramble relations between United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and India, London: His Majesty's Jotter Role, p. xxx, ISBN9780115800160 , retrieved nineteen September 2013 Quote: "India Executive Council: Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Sir Firoz Khan Noon and Sir V. T. Krishnamachari served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, Apr–June 1945."
5. ^ Fernandes, Leela (2014). Routledge Handbook of Gender in South asia. Routledge. ISBN978-one-317-90707-7. Partition of colonial India in 1947 – forming 2 nation-states, Republic of india and Pakistan, at the fourth dimension of its independence from almost ii centuries of British rule – was a deeply vehement and gendered experience.
6. ^ Trivedi, Harish; Allen, Richard (2000). Literature and Nation . Psychology Press. ISBN978-0-415-21207-half dozen. In this introductory section I want to touch briefly on four aspects of this social and historic context for a reading of Sunlight on a Cleaved Cavalcade: the struggle for independence; communalism and the partition of colonial Republic of india into contained India and Due east and West Pakistan; the social construction of India; and the specific situation of women.
7. ^ Gort, Jerald D.; Jansen, Henry; Vroom, Hendrik Thou. (2002). Religion, Conflict and Reconciliation: Multifaith Ideals and Realities. Rodopi. ISBN978-90-420-1166-3. Division was intended to create a homeland for Indian Muslims, but this was far from the case; Indian Muslims are not only divided into three separate sections, only the number of Muslims in Bharat--for whom the Muslim homeland was meant--withal remains the highest of all three sections.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 27. ISBN978-81-264-1588-5 . Retrieved 19 July 2020.
9. ^ Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666. ISBN9788120604476.
10. ^ Southward. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras.
11. ^ J. L. Mehta (2005). Advanced Report in the History of Mod India: Book One: 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 324–327. ISBN978-i-932705-54-6 . Retrieved 9 Baronial 2012.
12. ^ Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017). "Give Indian Navy its due". The Asian Age . Retrieved 23 January 2021.
13. ^ ^{a b} A. Sreedhara Menon. Kerala History and its Makers. D C Books (2011)
14. ^ A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Books [1]
15. ^ ^{a b} Roland E. Miller. Mappila Muslim Civilisation SUNY Press, 2015
16. ^ K. K. Northward. Kurup (1997). Bharat's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars. Northern Book Eye. pp. 37–38. ISBN978-81-7211-083-three . Retrieved ix Baronial 2012.
17. ^ Prabhakar, Peter Wilson (2003). "iii. Liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu". In Rai, Naurang (ed.). Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent Bharat (1st ed.). New Delhi, Bharat: Mittle Publications. p. 39-41. ISBN9788170998907 – via Google Books.
18. ^ "The ugly and skillful side of conversions in South asia". NewsIn Asia. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
19. ^ Koshy, M.O. (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758. Mittal Publications. p. 61. ISBN978-81-7099-136-half dozen.
20. ^ http://modernistic.nic.in Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Car 9th Madras Regiment
21. ^ ^{a b} Ferguson 2004, p. 19.
22. ^ Wolpert, Stanley (1989). A New History of India (tertiary ed.), p. 180. Oxford University Press.
23. ^ Chaudhary, Sushil (2000). The Prelude to Empire: Plassey Revolution of 1757. New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN81-7304-301-9.
24. ^ Datta, K.K. (1971). Siraj-ud-daulah. Calcutta: Sangam Books. ISBN0-86125-258-half-dozen.
25. ^ Olson, p. 478.
26. ^ Porter, p. 401.
27. ^ Olson, p. 293.
28. ^ Forrest, George (2006) [Starting time published 1904]. A History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58 (Volume Three). Gautam Jetley (reprint). ISBN81-206-1999-4.
29. ^ Ramesh, Randeep (24 August 2007). "India's hush-hush history: 'A holocaust, one where millions disappeared...'". The Guardian.
30. ^ Olson, p.653
31. ^ Olson, p. 568
32. ^ pp. 133–34.
33. ^ Ahuja, Ravi (26 July 2016). "State formation and 'dearth policy' in early colonial south India". The Indian Economical & Social History Review. 39 (4): 351–380. doi:10.1177/001946460203900402. S2CID 146305963.
34. ^ Marshall, pp. 133–34.
35. ^ Rasmussen, Peter Ravn (1996). "Tranquebar: The Danish E Bharat Visitor 1616–1669". Academy of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on ii February 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
36. ^ Tomas, Lora (19 May 2014). "Distant liaisons". Himal Southasian . Retrieved 20 August 2021.
37. ^ "Porto Novo". Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 September 2019.
38. ^ Stow, Randolph (1979). "Denmark in the Indian Sea, 1616–1845". ro.uow.edu.au . Retrieved 22 December 2018.
39. ^ 50, Klemen (1999–2000). "The capture of Andaman Islands, March 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
40. ^ Dasgupta Red Lord's day over Blackness H2o pp. 50–51
41. ^ Mathur Kala Pani p. 248; Iqbal Singh The Andaman Story pp. 241–42

References [edit]

• Prasenjit K. Basu " Asia Reborn: A Continent Rises from the Ravages of Colonialism and War to a New Dynamism", Publisher: Aleph Book Company
• Brian, Mac Arthur (1996) The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches ed. Penguin Books.
• Buckland, C.Due east. Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) 495pp total text
• Kachru, Braj (1983) The Indianization of English, Oxford: Oxford Academy Printing.
• 50, Klemen (2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942".
• Moss, Peter (1999) Oxford History for Pakistan, a revised and expanded version of Oxford History Project Volume 3 Oxford: Oxford Academy Press.
• Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire . Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-02329-5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009.
• Olson, James (1996). Historical Lexicon of the British Empire. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. ISBN978-0-313-29366-5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009.
• Marshall, PJ (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-00254-seven . Retrieved 22 July 2009.
• Porter, Andrew (1998). The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Book III. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-924678-half dozen . Retrieved 22 July 2009.
• Riddick, John F. The History of British Republic of india: A Chronology (2006) extract
• Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998); 5000 entries excerpt

Further reading [edit]

• Andrada (undated). The Life of Dom John de Castro: The 4th Vice Roy of India. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Commutation, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0900-X
• Crosthwaite, Charles (1905). "India: Past, Present, and Future". The Empire and the Century. London: John Murray. pp. 621–650.
• Herbert, William; William Nichelson; Samuel Dunn (1791). A New Directory for the E-Indies. Gilbert & Wright, London.
• Panikkar, K. M. (1953). Asia and Western Dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
• Panikkar, Thousand. M. 1929: Malabar and the Portuguese: being a history of the relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663
• Priolkar, A. K. The Goa Inquisition (Bombay, 1961).

External links [edit]

• List of archaeological remains of Dutch, Danish and Portuguese India settlements
• gateway.for.india: British history

What European Nation Came To Control India In The 1800s?,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_India

Posted by: richterpospaland1960.blogspot.com

Share this post